На сегодняшний день практически каждый из нас слышал о Таро. Это красивые карты с завораживающей, мистической символикой. На них делают расклады, составляют гороскопы, и более того — хорошо зарабатывают. Так откуда же взялись эти загадочные карты, обладают ли они магической силой и насколько это научно?
Что из себя представляет?
Карты Таро — это колода из 78 карт (22 старших аркана, 56 младших арканов, которые делятся на 4 масти: мечи, жезлы, пентакли, кубки), содержащих на своей внутренней стороне рисунки и символы. Именно их необходимо определенным образом трактовать для того, чтобы получить ответ на свой вопрос.
История возникновения Таро
В Европе карты Таро появились в конце XIV века, попав туда, скорее всего, из Османского государства, а популярными стали к середине XV века. И они не имели ничего общего с гаданием.
Первые карты Таро, вероятнее всего, использовались для игры, которая стала популярной в Италии и называлась tarocchi appropriati. Игроки вытягивали случайные карты и писали стихи, опираясь на ассоциации с изображением.
Мистические ассоциации с Таро появились в конце XVIII века — в первую очередь благодаря французскому писателю и масону Антуану Куру де Жебелену. В своём эссе, включённом в многотомное сочинение «Первобытный мир», он уверял, что карты Таро произошли из священных книг, написанных древнеегипетскими жрецами. Далее, согласно его теории, карты попали в Европу с цыганами.
После де Жебелена историю карт Таро продолжил дописывать и развивать оккультист Жан-Батист Альетт, более известный как Эттейла. Именно он стал первым человеком, который зарабатывал на гаданиях с помощью карт таро.
Точных данных, когда Таро появились в России, нет. Скорее всего, это произошло в конце XVIII — начале XIX века, когда игра в карты стала популярна среди российского дворянства.
Как оно работает
Сам процесс несложный: клиент формулирует вопрос вслух или про себя. Тот, кто гадает выкладывает Таро в определённом количестве и порядке, чтобы получить ответ. Расклад может состоять и из одной карты, и из нескольких десятков, выложенных в фигуру.
Далее гадающий интерпретирует вытащенные карты: он или опирается на значения арканов, описанные в книгах, или просто каким-то образом объясняет рисунки. Конечно, важен контекст — задача гадателя ответить именно на заданный клиентом вопрос.
В чем секрет популярности?
Чтобы делать расклады Таро не обязательно иметь какой-то дар, нужно просто анализировать символы (чему можно обучиться). Кроме того, тарологи используют в своей работе логику и рациональное мышление, они не предсказывают будущее, а работают с настоящим, трактуя и интерпретируя карты, направляя человека, помогая ему в принятии сложного решения.
А о том, почему Таро стали такими популярными есть несколько предположений. Исторически сложилось, что в страшные периоды люди обращались к иррациональному. Сейчас, в период кризисов и пандемий, каждый находит свой способ успокоения, а Таро в свою очередь являются способом очень доступным. То есть, это можно назвать своеобразной альтернативой психотерапии: задать себе вопросы, разобраться в существующем порядке вещей, подумать, что в нем не устраивает. Вторым предположением является желание людей заработать деньги. Тарологи — удовольствие очень распространенное, доступное. Такой бизнес легко распространить с помощью социальных сетей, рекламы, ему легко обучиться и обучить другого, к тому же он не требует особых вложений, а доход приносит, как выяснилось, неплохой. Обратимся за статистикой к ресурсу metronews.ru. В статье “Эзотерические профессии в 2023 году” указывается сумма месячного дохода. В ней приводятся следующие данные по заработку таролога: В среднем, Таролог может зарабатывать от 500 до 3000 рублей за консультацию, а месячный доход может составлять от 70 000 до 300 000 рублей. А третьим предположением является желание людей узнать, что произойдет в будущем, просчитать все наперед.
Научный взгляд на Таро
Основная ценность Таро не в том, как выпадают карты, а в том, как их интерпретируют. Об этом свидетельствует исследование Сьюзан Блэкмор. Она провела серию небольших экспериментов, чтобы проверить, насколько расклад индивидуален и соответствует клиенту.
Оказалось, что испытуемые, которые участвовали в раскладе и слушали интерпретацию лицом к лицу с гадателем, склонялись оценивать полученную информацию как точную и валидную для них.
А когда испытуемым предлагали выбрать свой проинтерпретированный расклад из серии других раскладов, без очного присутствия на гадании, они не могли его определить. Вместо этого люди выбирали максимально общее описание.
Поэтому точность предсказания — относительное явление, даже если клиент таролога и он сам будут говорить обратное.
Почему люди верят Таро?
Вероятнее всего, нам просто кажется, что Таро говорят правду. В этом помогают когнитивные искажения — особенности мышления человека, которые мешают воспринимать мир рационально. Рассмотрим каждое из них подробнее.
Эффект Барнума (он же эффект Форера) — склонность человека высоко оценивать точность описания личности (например, в гороскопе, раскладе Таро, психологическом тесте), якобы сделанного специально для него, даже если это описание настолько общее и обтекаемое, что может быть приложено к большинству людей.
Эффект Пигмалиона (он же эффект Розенталя) — выражается в самоисполняющихся пророчествах. С человеком происходит некоторое «предсказанное» событие, потому что он поверил в предсказание и поменял своё поведение так, чтобы это событие с ним произошло.
Селективное восприятие — склонность обращать внимание на те факты, которые соответствуют ожиданиям человека, а противоположные факты игнорировать.
Сейчас нет никаких доказательств, что от карт Таро вы получите достоверную и подтвержденную информацию, поэтому мой совет- не ходить к тарологам. Даже если вам кажется, что ответы правдивые, вы имеете дело с когнитивными искажениями. Вместо этого попробуйте определить, зачем вам гадание. Если вас волнует какая-то нерешённая проблема или если вы испытываете тревожность, лучше обратитесь к психологу.
Автор: Фирсова Лана
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