Если мы заняты своими делами, то, как правило, мало что может нас отвлечь: разговоры, музыка и посторонние шумы тут бессильны. Но почему мы сразу реагируем на уведомления в телефоне?
Все началось еще в XIX веке, когда был описан феномен «вечеринки с коктейлем». В чем его суть? Когда на каком-то шумном мероприятии мы общаемся с человеком, то абстрагируемся и слушаем только нашего собеседника. Воспринимать шум вокруг мы перестаем. Но если кто-нибудь даже в самом дальнем углу комнаты назовет наше имя, то мы, скорее всего, это заметим.
Один из первых опытов, связанных с феноменом «вечеринки с коктейлем», заключался в следующем: испытуемому в два уха начитывались два разных текста, но повторять ему нужно было информацию лишь одного источника. Если человеку говорили: «Переключись на другое ухо» — он не обращал на это внимания. Но если его называли по имени и говорили команду, он моментально откликался на нее.
Почему так происходит с push-уведомлениями?
Они цепляют сразу несколько видов нашего внимания:
· Вынужденное внимание, которое привлекается громкими звуками или светом. Такие сигналы всегда воспринимались человеком как опасные для жизни или важные, поэтому мы моментально реагируем на них. Тут дело в эволюции: мозг считает, что это вопрос жизни и смерти.
· Непроизвольное внимание к вещам, которые напрямую нас касаются. Любые уведомления имеют к нам отношение, это логично. Соответственно, иногда даже того не замечая, реакция на них превращается в привычку, и мы уже не можем не посмотреть на заявку в друзья или новое сообщение.
Нет, иногда, конечно, концентрация может достигать такого высокого уровня, что до нас нельзя даже докричаться. Происходит это, как правило, в полной поглощенности деятельностью: если вы играете в свою любимую компьютерную игру и занятие вам действительно нравится, то вряд ли уведомление в телефоне сможет прервать процесс.
Кроме того, говоря о том, почему мы реагируем на уведомления, стоит отметить, что это связано еще и с нашей базовой потребностью в общении. Кто-то может не обращать внимания на телефон, а кто-то при малейшем его сигнале бежит смотреть на экран и проверять, кто звонил или кто написал. В такой ситуации важную роль в нашем поведении и наших реакциях играет еще и тревожность, потребность в безопасности. Вы, возможно, замечали, если вспоминали свою первую мысль, когда пищит телефон, что иногда вы думаете: «Что случилось? Почему мне пришло уведомление? Что такое?»
Наша концентрация может находиться на очень низком уровне, если мы заняты скучным и неинтересным делом. Внимание в такой ситуации удерживать крайне сложно, поэтому неудивительно, что мы отвлекаемся на сигнал телефона.
Отвлекаться — это вполне естественно. Неестественно долго удерживать внимание, хотя иногда это вынужденная мера. Как правило, ничто не может отвлечь только маленьких детей 2-4 месяцев, потому что их механизмы внимания только формируются, или людей с локальными поражениями головного мозга. Поэтому занимайтесь только любимыми делами, чтобы не было скучно, а на сообщения отвечайте при необходимости.
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