Тридцатые годы – этап послереволюционной и одновременно предвоенной истории. В них есть все: и грандиозный рывок страны от сохи и лаптей, от массовой безграмотности и классовой розни к могучему и монолитному индустриальному государству, и обширные национальные трагедии (голод и сталинские репрессии). В 30–е годы происходит нарастание негативных явлений в литературном процессе.
Постановление ЦК ВКП(б)
23 апреля 1932 года, происходит смена форм литературной жизни: после выхода в свет постановления ЦК ВКП(б) объявляют о своем роспуске РАПП и другие литературные объединения.
Первый съезд
В 1934 году состоялся Первый съезд советских писателей, который единственно возможным творческим методом объявил социалистический реализм. В целом же началась политика унификации культурной жизни, происходит резкое сокращение печатных изданий. Выступая на съезде, М.Горький охарактеризовал этот метод так: «Социалистический реализм утверждает бытие как деяние, как творчество, цель которого – непрерывное развитие ценнейших индивидуальных способностей человека ради победы его над силами природы, ради его здоровья и долголетия, ради великого счастья жить на земле».
Важнейшими принципами в соцреализме стали партийность (предвзятую трактовка фактов) и народность (выражение идей и интересов народа) литературы. С начала 1930-х годов в области культуры установилась политика жестокой регламентации и контроля. Многообразие сменилось единообразием. Создание Союза советских писателей окончательно превратило литературу в одну из областей идеологии.
Сталин и Максим Горький
Больше всех, казалось, повезло Горькому. Дружба писателя с вождем была прочной, но не долгой. Для Сталина Максим Горький был не простым, а пролетарским писателем.
Впрочем, дружба эта была построена на взаимной выгоде — Сталину нужен был русский глашатай с мировым именем, и таким литературным авторитетом в то время был именно Горький. Он — самый популярнейший в мире русский писатель. Его гонорары огромны, а пьесы ставятся во всем мире. К тому же классик русской литературы живой и здоровый.
Цели Горького были проще — всего-то стать «хозяином» русской литературы, возглавить союз писателей России, и планомерно общими ресурсами сделаться самым читаемым писателем в России, затмив «бородача» — Толстого — главного богоподобного писателя в России. Вдобавок ко всему их политические взгляды были общими и оба были дружны с Лениным. С этого и началась плодотворная дружба пролетарского писателя с отцом народов.
Сталин и Мандельштам
В отличие от большинства из всей пишущей братии, Осип Мандельштам ну никак не подходил на роль «главной жертвы сталинизма». Более того, ему прощалось то, что обычно Сталин никому не прощал.
В ноябре 1933 года, накануне открытия Первого Всесоюзного съезда советских писателей поэт Осип Мандельштам, яростно ненавидевший И.В. Сталина, написал пасквильный памфлет в стихах о вожде, оскорбительный для его чести и достоинства:
«Мы живём, под собою не чуя страны,
Наши речи за десять шагов не слышны.
Только слышно кремлёвского горца –
Душегуба и мужикоборца»…
Поэта арестовали спустя шесть месяцев, в мае 1934 года. Вместе с арестом провели целую серию обысков на наличие стихов, порочащих личность Сталина
Сталин и Ахматова
Анна Ахматова принадлежала к числу самых любимых поэтов дочери вождя Светланы Иосифовны. Много лет спустя, уже после смерти отца, она писала об этом в большом своем письме — исповеди И.Г. Эренбургу:
«…Я очень люблю литературу, с детства процесс оформления чувства и мысли в слова всегда представлялся мне чудом… Я была обыкновенной советской студенткой, такой — как все мои сверстницы, и мне — всем нам — для полного выражения наших чувств были совершенно необходимы и Маяковский, и Пушкин, и Пастернак, и Ахматова… С юности я люблю точность слов у Ахматовой («настоящую нежность не спутаешь ни с чем, и она тиха…» — как можно сказать точнее?!).»
Этому предшествовала известная легенда, согласно которой Сталин однажды увидал, что его дочь Светлана — ей было тогда четырнадцать лет — переписывает какой-то рукописный текст в свою тетрадку. Он спросил: что это? Светлана сказала, что это стихи Ахматовой, которые ей очень нравятся.
«А зачем переписывать? — будто бы удивился вождь. — Если они тебе нравятся, возьми книгу и читай». Светлана объяснила, что книги Ахматовой — редкость. К тому же они, кажется, запрещены.
Узнав, что его дочь читает — и даже переписывает — запрещенную или полузапрещенную литературу, Сталин выразил дочери свое неудовольствие. Но Светлана пылко защищала любимую поэтессу и как будто даже убедила отца сменить гнев на милость.
Прямым следствием этой семейной сцены будто бы и явился внезапный поворот в судьбе Ахматовой: выход в свет после долгого молчания ее новой книги и даже попытка выдвинуть эту книгу на Сталинскую премию.
Сталин и другие писатели
Не менее трагичны судьбы других писателей и поэтов: доведенные до самоубийства Марина Цветаева и Владимир Маяковский; убийство Сергея Есенина, затравленный советской властью Михаил Булгаков, лишенный средств к существованию Зощенко, униженный Эренбург и множество других властителей умов и душ.
Подведём итог
Мог ли Сталин поступить иначе? — наверное нет. «В стране может быть только один властитель умов и душ». Да, конечно, могут и должны быть писатели, журналисты, публицисты, памфлетисты и прочие работники идеологического фронта. Писателям может быть даже позволено чуть больше, чем партийным журналистам и партийным работникам, которые обязаны, как попы, повторять слова вождя.
Писатель имеет право слегка разнообразить свой пересказ ЕГО мыслей, так сказать, некоторыми красотами собственного стиля. Это можно. Это — пожалуйста. Но никакой писатель не смеет иметь свой, особый взгляд, отличный от единственно правильного — сталинского.
И всех, кто возражал, бунтовал, противился, не прогибался, всех их ждала незавидная участь. Судьба каждого из них в борьбе за свободу слова и отстаивания своего личного мнения была в руках жесткого и беспринципного горца. И жизнь советских писателей и поэтов была полна отчаяния, страха и опасности, преисполненная драмой и трагедией.
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Hello just wanted to give you a quick heads up. The text in your content seem to be running off the screen in Firefox. I’m not sure if this is a formatting issue or something to do with internet browser compatibility but I figured I’d post to let you know. The design look great though! Hope you get the problem resolved soon. Cheers
These are really great blogging ideas. You raised some good points here. Keep writing anyway.