«Что, если бы я рассказала вам историю, которую вы бы запомнили всем своим существом, а не только сознанием?», – с этих слов началось выступление на конференции TED Talks в 2015 году американской журналистки Нонни де ла Пеньи. Ее называют «крестной матерью виртуальной реальности». Нонни де ла Пенья — первая, кто стал применять иммерсивные технологии в журналистике. Раньше они были доступны только в высокобюджетных фантастических фильмах и видеоиграх.
Что такое иммерсивная журналистика?
Это разновидность профессии, в которой используют технологии виртуальной и дополненной реальностей. С их помощью человек “погружается” в сюжет, может почувствовать себя участником событий и представить, что увиденное им действительно существует.
Чем отличается виртуальная реальность от дополненной?
В иммерсивных технологиях применяют два вида реальности: дополненную (Augmented Reality – AR) и виртуальную (Virtual Reality – VR). Первая добавляет в наш физический мир цифровые объекты. Например, ловля покемонов, маски в Instagram и в TikTok тоже относятся к дополненной реальности. AR-технологии сейчас доступны каждому, у кого есть смартфон со встроенной камерой и несколько ГБ оперативной памяти, чтобы загрузить приложения.
Виртуальная реальность – это уже полное погружение в мир, созданный компьютером. Человек видит вокруг себя объемное пространство, картинки и видео, слышит звуки. Чтобы «войти» в такой симулятор, нужны наушники и специальные очки или шлем. Именно с помощью VR-технологий Нонни де ла Пенья создавала свои проекты.
«Gone Gitmo»
В 2008 году вышел первый сюжет с элементами иммерсивной журналистики – «Gone Gitmo». В нём зритель попадает в прототип тюрьмы для террористов Гуантанамо.
Изначально в 2004 году Нонни де ла Пенья сняла документальный фильм «Неконституционно: война за наши гражданские свободы», где критиковался закон, который был принят в США после катастрофы 11 сентября 2001 года. Согласно ему, мусульман и других людей с арабскими именами задерживали на неопределенный срок без надлежащей правовой процедуры или уголовных обвинений. Тысячи людей попадали в тюрьмы, и одна из них – Гуантанамо, которая известна жестокими пытками. «Их держат в одиночке, вызывают в наручниках для подробного допроса. Они не могут позвонить адвокату и даже семье», — говорит профессор университета «Джорджтаун Ло Сентер» Дэвид Коул.
«Gone Gitmo» создана на базе видеоигры «Second Life», в которой общаются пользователи по всему миру. Игрок создает «аватар» – 3D-версию себя, на которую надевается оранжевая рубашка. Затем его отправляют в виртуальную тюрьму на самолете. Вокруг пользователь видит не только смоделированные компьютером камеры заключенных, но и слышит звуки, смотрит видео, которые были записаны в настоящей Гуантанамо. На центральной стене – огромный экран, где показывается отрывок из фильма «Неконституционно: война за наши гражданские свободы». В нем отец одного из заключенных Азмат Бег читает письмо сына и плачет, что не может не вызывать у пользователя эмоций. Качество симулятора невысокое, но «Gone Gitmo» сделано на платформе, куда могут заходить люди из любой страны, а реальные звуки, картинки и видео создают ощущение, что игрок действительно находится в этой тюрьме.
«Голод в Лос-Анджелесе»
Другим сюжетом, который вызвал общественный отклик, стал «Голод в Лос-Анджелесе». Нонни де ла Пенья выпустила его в 2012 году. «Семьи в Америке голодают, продовольственные фонды не справляются, им часто не хватает продуктов. Я понимала, что не могла заставить людей почувствовать голод, но, может быть, я могла дать им некое физическое ощущение», — отметила журналистка на конференции «TED Talks».
Чтобы зритель «ощутил» свое присутствие в сюжете, Нонни де ла Пенья воспроизвела реальную ситуацию, которая произошла на одной из улиц Лос-Анджелеса. В длинной очереди за раздачей продуктов у мужчины-диабетика упал сахар в крови, он потерял сознание и впал в кому на глазах у других людей.
В проекте «Голод» герой падает прямо перед зрителем. Реалистичность сюжету придают звуки, которые были записаны во время настоящего обморока, и действия людей, которые в точности воспроизвела команда Нонни де ла Пеньи. Зритель также может перемещаться по виртуальному пространству, приседать и подходить к героям, будто он тоже участник событий.
“Люди опускались на пол, пытаясь помочь упавшему в припадке, шепнуть что-то ему на ухо, успокоить, хотя ничего сделать не могли. Многие, покидая сцену, говорили: «О, Боже, это было ужасно. Я ничем ему даже помочь не мог», и так и уходили с этим чувством”, – рассказывала Нонни де ла Пенья.
«Проект Сирия»
В начале 2014 года появляется новый сюжет – «Проект Сирия». В нем рассказывается о взрыве в районе Алеппа, который произошел в ноябре 2012 года.
«Проект Сирия» состоит из трех сцен: в первой зритель оказывается посреди улицы. В толпе поет девочка, и люди радуются. Вдруг падает бомба, улица покрывается дымом, и зритель ходит вокруг развалин. Нонни де ла Пенья восстановила эту сцену по реальным видеокадрам и аудиозаписям. «Я никогда не бывал в Сирии. Никогда не попадал под террористическую атаку. Никогда не испытывал растерянности и страха, не терял веру в человечество перед лицом бессмысленного насилия. Но теперь я знаю хоть немного, каково это. И это вызывает у меня желание помочь», – пишет бывший главный редактор «TechCrunch» Джош Константин.
Следующие две сцены происходят в лагере для беженцев в Иордании. Сначала зритель видит раздачу продуктов, а затем выходит на улицу, где дети греются у костра. «Ты чувствуешь, будто ты действительно там», — говорит представитель «Проект Сирия» Эрен Аксу. Графика в симуляторе правдоподобнее, чем в предыдущих сюжетах Нонни де ла Пеньи. Лица всех людей смоделированы по настоящим снимкам и видеозаписям. Концовка ужасает: в пустыне появляются тени взрослых и детей, погибших от бомбежек и голода, которые выглядят намного реалистичнее, чем черные фигуры в финале «Голод в Лос-Анджелесе».
Иммерсивные технологии и такие проекты, как сюжеты Нонни де ла Пеньи позволяют человеку не только испытать эмоции, но и обратить внимание на важные проблемы общества, и, как сказал VR-режиссер Крис Милк, “перейти от восклицания «Вау» к вопросу «Что это значит для человечества?»”.
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