ЖуркаМурка

«Вальдорфская школа» — воспитание Человека

Вы, наверное, не раз слышали это странное словосочетание «Вальдорфская школа». Вам говорили о ней учителя, родители, форумы в Интернете или друзья. Что вы слышали? Негатив или восхищение? В большинстве случаев, первый ответ будет верным.

О Вальдорфской педагогике ходит множество слухов. Я выпускница Самарской Вальдорфской школы. Там я проучилась 11 лет и за это время не раз слышала сомнительные вопросы и утверждения от знакомых:

А вас готовят к ОГЭ и ЕГЭ вообще?

Вы правда можете ничего не делать, если захотите?

В Вальдорфских школах ничему не учат!

Там ведь учатся только дети с ограниченными умственными способностями!

Вальдорфская школа – это секта!

Что из этого слышали вы?

Давайте разберемся, что же такое на самом деле эта «Вальдорфская школа».

Фотография взята с сайта https://ru.wikipedia.org

Вальдорфская педагогика зародилась в 1919 году. Ее создал Рудольф Штайнер, немецкий философ и антропософ. Он основал первую школу в Штутгарте на базе табачной фабрики «Вальдорф-Астория». Через сто лет число учебных заведений превысило тысячу.

Суть Вальдорфской педагогики заключается в том, чтобы дать детям возможность развиваться в своем темпе. Одна из главных особенностей преподавания – акцент на духовное развитие человека, а не только на получение знаний. В детском саду не учат писать и читать – все время занимают игры и общение. В первом классе школьники пишут печатными буквами, много рисуют, учатся играть на музыкальных инструментах, много времени проводят за ремеслами.

Можно сказать, что в младших классах ученики Вальдорфской школы немного отстают от программы, принятой в других учебных заведениях. К концу средней школы они нагоняют материал и в чем-то даже опережают сверстников.

Фотография взята с сайта http://www.waldorfsamara.ru

Здесь вы не увидите формы, телефонов, дневников и тетрадей в клетку. Хотя последнее возможно, но лишь в старшей школе, когда ученики оставляют перьевые ручки и переходят на шариковые, начинают получать оценки и готовиться к экзаменам.

Вальдорфская школа – это про свободу мысли. Свободу письма. Свободу движения. Каждый может найти себе занятие по душе как в младших классах, так и в старших. Мы ставим спектакли, мюзиклы, поем, рисуем, танцуем, лепим.

Моя любимая часть обучения здесь – поездки и коммуникация с Вальдорфскими школами из других городов и стран.

Фотограф: https://vk.com/odnaalenkа

В 6 классе я была в Москве на Рыцарском турнире. Девочки в длинных платьях, мальчики в рубахах, с деревянными мечами за поясом. Танцы, сражения и атмосфера Средневековья. А главное – новые друзья со всей России.

10 класс. Две недели в Германии. Новая школа, новые знакомые, семья, которая почти не понимает, что ты говоришь, и каждое утро с акцентом здоровается с тобой на русском. Море впечатлений от общения с людьми из другой страны. Это незабываемый опыт и нерушимые связи.

Важнейшая часть Вальдорфской педагогики – общение учителей и учеников. В нем нет места страху (разве что перед контрольной по физике, но это уже история гуманитария). Преподаватели и дети вместе шутят, путешествуют, взрослеют и развиваются. Эти отношения построены на взаимном уважении.

Фотография из группы https://vk.com/waldorfsamara

Как и ученики, родители также участвуют в жизни школы. Нет, это не обязательно, но мамы и папы сами тянутся к этой атмосфере. Они ставят спектакли и устраивают концерты, дружат между собой не хуже своих детей.

В 2012 году эксперт ОЭСР в сфере образования Андреас Шляйхер представил результаты исследования Дюссельдорфского университета имени Генриха Гейне. Они показали различия между учениками Вальдорфских и обычных школ. У первых уровень желания учиться выше, они находятся в лучших отношениях с учителями.

Всего в России около 30 Вальдорфских школ, а в мире – более тысячи. Как думаете, скольких из выпускников вы знаете? Сейчас я вас удивлю.

Дженнифер Энистон — американская актриса, кинорежиссер и продюсер. Её творческий путь начался в школьном драматическом кружке.

Йенс Столтенберг –  норвежский государственный и политический деятель, бывший премьер-министр Норвегии, а сейчас — генеральный секретарь НАТО.

Фердинанд Александр Порше – дизайнер знаменитого  немецкого автомобиля.

Томас Кристиан Зюдхоф – немецко-американский биохимик и нейробиолог, обладатель Нобелевской премии.

Больше знакомых имен вы можете найти тут: https://www.thewaldorfs.waldorf.net

Да, эта школа может показаться странной и непонятной на первый взгляд, но здесь рады всем.

Вальдорфская школа – это про семью, взаимопонимание, теплоту и творчество. Здесь каждый найдет то, что ему интересно; сможет развиваться в том деле, которое приносит удовольствие.

Фотограф: https://vk.com/odnaalenkа
0 оценок, среднее: 0,00 из 50 оценок, среднее: 0,00 из 50 оценок, среднее: 0,00 из 50 оценок, среднее: 0,00 из 50 оценок, среднее: 0,00 из 5 (0 оценок, среднее: 0,00 из 5)
Для того чтобы оценить запись, вы должны авторизоваться.
Загрузка...
Культпросвет

124 thoughts on “«Вальдорфская школа» — воспитание Человека

  1. You’re so interesting! I don’t believe I have read anything like this before.
    So good to find somebody with unique thoughts on this
    subject matter. Really.. many thanks for starting this up.
    This web site is something that is required on the web, someone with a bit of originality!
    0mniartist asmr

  2. Thanks a bunch for sharing this with all people you really know what
    you are speaking about! Bookmarked. Please additionally visit my site =).

    We could have a link exchange agreement among us 0mniartist asmr

  3. For latest information you have to pay a quick visit
    web and on web I found this website as a best site for newest updates.
    0mniartist asmr

  4. Hi to all, it’s actually a pleasant for me to visit this website, it contains useful Information. asmr 0mniartist

  5. Ahaa, its nice conversation about this paragraph here at
    this weblog, I have read all that, so now me also
    commenting here. 0mniartist asmr

  6. Excellent blog here! Also your website loads up very fast!
    What web host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your
    host? I wish my web site loaded up as quickly as yours lol

  7. What a information of un-ambiguity and preserveness of precious knowledge on the
    topic of unexpected emotions.

  8. It’s not my first time to pay a visit this web page,
    i am visiting this site dailly and obtain pleasant data from
    here every day.

  9. Very good blog post. I absolutely love this site. Thanks!

  10. Today, I went to the beach front with my kids. I found a sea shell and
    gave it to my 4 year old daughter and said «You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.» She placed the shell to her ear and screamed.
    There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear.
    She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is entirely off topic
    but I had to tell someone!

  11. Hello there! Do you use Twitter? I’d like to follow
    you if that would be okay. I’m undoubtedly enjoying your blog and look forward to new updates.

  12. I’m really enjoying the design and layout of your blog. It’s
    a very easy on the eyes which makes it much more pleasant for me to come here and visit more often. Did you hire out a developer to create
    your theme? Great work!

  13. I go to see each day a few blogs and information sites to read posts, except this weblog offers
    quality based content.

  14. Hello! Do you use Twitter? I’d like to follow you if that would be okay.
    I’m undoubtedly enjoying your blog and look forward to new
    updates.

  15. scoliosis
    There’s definately a great deal to learn about this subject.
    I like all the points you made. scoliosis

  16. scoliosis
    Hey! Do you know if they make any plugins to help with Search Engine Optimization? I’m
    trying to get my blog to rank for some targeted keywords but I’m not
    seeing very good results. If you know of any please share.
    Appreciate it! scoliosis

  17. scoliosis
    Excellent web site you have here.. It’s difficult to find high-quality writing like yours
    these days. I honestly appreciate individuals like you!
    Take care!! scoliosis

  18. free dating sites
    I am extremely inspired along with your writing abilities as
    neatly as with the structure in your blog. Is that this a paid topic or
    did you customize it your self? Anyway stay up the excellent high quality writing, it is rare to peer a nice
    weblog like this one these days.. dating sites

  19. Remarkable! Its actually awesome paragraph, I have got much clear idea regarding from this post.

  20. Good web site you’ve got here.. It’s hard to find good quality
    writing like yours these days. I seriously appreciate individuals like you!
    Take care!!

  21. It is the best time to make some plans for the future and it’s time to be happy.
    I’ve read this post and if I could I want to suggest you few interesting things
    or suggestions. Maybe you could write next articles referring to this article.
    I want to read more things about it!

  22. Wow, this piece of writing is pleasant, my
    younger sister is analyzing these things, thus I am going to inform her.

  23. First off I would like to say terrific blog! I had a quick question in which I’d like to ask if you don’t mind.
    I was interested to know how you center yourself and clear
    your thoughts before writing. I’ve had trouble
    clearing my thoughts in getting my thoughts out.
    I do take pleasure in writing but it just seems like the first 10 to
    15 minutes tend to be wasted simply just trying to
    figure out how to begin. Any recommendations or hints? Appreciate it!

  24. Hi there, I wish for to subscribe for this web site to take newest
    updates, thus where can i do it please help.

  25. What’s up i am kavin, its my first occasion to commenting
    anyplace, when i read this article i thought
    i could also make comment due to this brilliant paragraph.

  26. Its not my first time to go to see this web site,
    i am visiting this site dailly and obtain fastidious information from here all the time.

  27. I am actually glad to glance at this web site posts which consists
    of lots of valuable data, thanks for providing these
    kinds of information.

  28. Thank you for the auspicious writeup. It in fact was a amusement
    account it. Look advanced to more added agreeable from you!
    By the way, how could we communicate?

  29. Do you have any video of that? I’d love to find out some additional information.

  30. Good post. I learn something totally new and challenging
    on blogs I stumbleupon everyday. It will always be helpful
    to read articles from other writers and practice something from their web sites.

  31. I constantly spent my half an hour to read this blog’s content daily along with a
    mug of coffee.

  32. Pretty element of content. I simply stumbled upon your web site and in accession capital to say that I get in fact loved account your blog posts.
    Anyway I will be subscribing on your augment and even I success you access consistently rapidly.

  33. Hello there, You’ve done an excellent job. I will certainly digg it and personally
    suggest to my friends. I am confident they will be benefited from this website.

  34. Hello! Someone in my Facebook group shared this site with us so I came to check it out.

    I’m definitely loving the information. I’m book-marking and will be tweeting this to my followers!

    Outstanding blog and superb design.

  35. I love reading a post that will make men and women think.
    Also, many thanks for permitting me to comment!

  36. This is the perfect webpage for anybody who hopes to find out about this topic.
    You understand so much its almost tough to argue with you (not that I really will need
    to…HaHa). You definitely put a brand new spin on a topic which has been written about for a long time.
    Great stuff, just great!

  37. Hey! I understand this is kind of off-topic
    however I needed to ask. Does running a well-established blog
    like yours take a large amount of work? I am completely new to running a blog
    but I do write in my journal daily. I’d like to start a blog so I will be able to
    share my own experience and feelings online. Please let me know if you have any recommendations or tips for new aspiring blog owners.
    Appreciate it!

  38. wonderful points altogether, you just gained a new reader.

    What may you suggest about your publish that you just made a few days in the
    past? Any sure?

  39. I have learn a few excellent stuff here. Definitely worth
    bookmarking for revisiting. I surprise how a lot effort
    you place to make this sort of magnificent informative site.

  40. Excellent blog here! Also your website loads up very fast!
    What web host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host?
    I wish my website loaded up as quickly as yours lol

  41. Hi! Would you mind if I share your blog with my twitter group?
    There’s a lot of folks that I think would really enjoy your content.

    Please let me know. Cheers

  42. Great site you have got here.. It’s hard to find high quality writing like yours these days.
    I really appreciate individuals like you! Take care!!

  43. If some one desires to be updated with hottest technologies therefore he
    must be pay a visit this site and be up to date everyday.

  44. Hi, the whole thing is going nicely here and
    ofcourse every one is sharing information, that’s
    genuinely good, keep up writing.

  45. Magnificent items from you, man. I have keep in mind your
    stuff previous to and you’re simply extremely excellent.
    I actually like what you’ve got here, certainly like what
    you are saying and the best way wherein you assert it.
    You’re making it entertaining and you still take care of to stay it sensible.
    I can’t wait to learn far more from you. This is really a great site.

  46. What’s up to all, the contents present at this site are
    truly remarkable for people experience, well, keep up the good work fellows.

  47. No matter if some one searches for his necessary thing, so he/she wants to be available that in detail, therefore
    that thing is maintained over here.

  48. What’s Going down i am new to this, I stumbled upon this I have found It positively useful
    and it has aided me out loads. I’m hoping to contribute & help different customers like
    its helped me. Great job.

  49. Its such as you read my mind! You seem to understand so much
    approximately this, like you wrote the e book in it or something.
    I feel that you just could do with some percent to power
    the message home a little bit, however instead of that, that is
    excellent blog. A great read. I will definitely be back.

  50. I am genuinely happy to glance at this website posts which consists of tons of useful data, thanks for
    providing such statistics.

  51. Good way of explaining, and fastidious article to take data about
    my presentation focus, which i am going to present in school.

  52. Hmm it looks like your site ate my first comment (it was super long) so I guess I’ll just sum it up what I submitted and say, I’m thoroughly enjoying your blog.
    I too am an aspiring blog writer but I’m still new to the whole thing.
    Do you have any recommendations for rookie blog writers?

    I’d certainly appreciate it.

  53. I think the admin of this site is actually working hard for his
    web site, because here every material is quality based material.

  54. That is a really good tip especially to those new
    to the blogosphere. Short but very accurate information… Thanks for sharing this one.
    A must read post!

  55. Hi there to every , as I am actually keen of reading this
    website’s post to be updated on a regular basis. It carries nice
    material.

  56. Have you ever considered writing an e-book or guest
    authoring on other sites? I have a blog based on the same information you
    discuss and would really like to have you share some stories/information. I know my audience would enjoy your work.
    If you are even remotely interested, feel free to send me an email.

  57. Wonderful article! That is the type of information that
    are supposed to be shared across the web. Disgrace on Google for not positioning this
    post higher! Come on over and discuss with my website .

    Thank you =)

  58. If you wish for to improve your knowledge just keep visiting this website
    and be updated with the most recent news update posted here.

  59. I was wondering if you ever considered changing the structure of your website?
    Its very well written; I love what youve got to say.
    But maybe you could a little more in the way of content so people
    could connect with it better. Youve got an awful lot
    of text for only having one or 2 pictures. Maybe you could space it out better?

  60. Great web site you have got here.. It’s difficult to find quality writing like yours nowadays.
    I seriously appreciate individuals like you! Take
    care!!

  61. I enjoy what you guys are usually up too. Such clever
    work and coverage! Keep up the good works guys I’ve incorporated you guys to
    our blogroll.

  62. After I originally commented I appear to have clicked on the -Notify me when new
    comments are added- checkbox and from now on every time a
    comment is added I recieve 4 emails with the exact same
    comment. There has to be a means you can remove me from that
    service? Appreciate it!

  63. Excellent post. I was checking constantly this blog and I’m inspired!
    Very helpful information specifically the last part :) I
    care for such info a lot. I was seeking this particular information for a very lengthy time.

    Thank you and best of luck.

  64. Today, I went to the beachfront with my kids.
    I found a sea shell and gave it to my 4 year old daughter and said
    «You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.» She placed the shell
    to her ear and screamed. There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear.
    She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is completely off topic but I had to tell someone!

  65. Just wish to say your article is as amazing.
    The clearness for your post is just excellent and that i could assume you’re a professional in this subject.
    Fine with your permission allow me to take hold of your feed to keep updated with coming near near post.

    Thank you one million and please continue the rewarding work.

  66. Have you ever considered about adding a little bit more than just your
    articles? I mean, what you say is fundamental and all. But imagine
    if you added some great images or videos to give your posts
    more, «pop»! Your content is excellent but with images and clips, this
    site could definitely be one of the most beneficial in its field.
    Great blog!

  67. Hi, I do think this is an excellent web site.

    I stumbledupon it ;) I’m going to come back yet again since I saved as a favorite it.
    Money and freedom is the best way to change, may you be rich and continue to guide other people.

  68. What i do not realize is actually how you are not really much more neatly-favored than you may be now.
    You’re so intelligent. You understand therefore significantly with regards to this topic, made me in my view imagine it from
    so many varied angles. Its like women and men are not interested unless it is one thing to accomplish with Woman gaga!
    Your individual stuffs great. At all times handle it up!

  69. Very quickly this web page will be famous amid all blogging people, due to it’s
    nice articles

  70. Valuable information. Fortunate me I discovered your website accidentally, and I am shocked why this
    coincidence did not came about in advance! I bookmarked it.

  71. Thanks for one’s marvelous posting! I certainly enjoyed reading it, you
    will be a great author. I will be sure to bookmark your blog
    and will often come back later in life. I want to encourage you to
    continue your great work, have a nice weekend!

  72. Thank you for the good writeup. It in fact was once a amusement account it.
    Glance complicated to more added agreeable from you!
    However, how can we keep in touch?

  73. WOW just what I was searching for. Came here by searching for or

  74. Thanks for finally talking about > "Вальдорфская школа" — воспитание
    Человека — ЖуркаМурка < Loved it!

  75. Greetings! Very helpful advice in this particular article!
    It is the little changes that will make the greatest changes.
    Thanks a lot for sharing!

  76. самшитовая спа отели крыма с бассейном
    гостиница патриот в белгороде сагаан морин отель улан удэ отдых в абхазии с животными
    matreshka plaza в самаре где лучше отдыхать в абхазии в сентябре туркомплекс суздаль

  77. заря крым санаторий озон в оренбурге цены на путевки
    южные ночи смотреть санаторий малые соли ярославская кисловодск санатории цены на 2021 с питанием
    черноморец пансионат эконом загородные парк отели в подмосковье все включено гостевой дом олива анапа

  78. белокуриха адрес кексгольм гостиница официальный сайт
    гостиница триумф в краснодаре ла мелия анапа цены астигматизм лечится
    все включено в анапе лучшие отели лоо спортивный тур в сочи

  79. архыз домики с бассейном отдых в судаке
    санаторий министерства обороны сочинский отель амиго санкт петербург гостиница платов новочеркасск
    махачкала санаторий санаторий саки официальный сайт сеченова ессентуки

  80. пансионат солнечный луч адлер официальный сайт геленджик на новый год 2022
    гастроэнтерологические санатории россии отель серебрянный век пансионат сан марина абхазия отзывы
    таруса гостевой дом санатории в нальчике по социальным путевкам гостевые дома в дивеево

  81. гостевой дом солнечный берег кацивели интурист ялта
    база отдыха распутин мостовской район alex hotel санаторий дилуч фото
    русская усадьба липецк цены гостиница чудово новгородской области белые росы белгород

  82. пятигорск санатории цены на путевки аквамарин анапа
    гезлевские колбасы евпатория официальный сайт карта калининграда с отелями и гостиницами отель bridge resort 4 сочи
    сухум абхазия отзывы анапа 5 звезд дилуч телефон

  83. отель де ла рей отель 28 роза хутор
    марсель геленджик официальный сайт лазурное суровикино гостиница шумиха
    санаторий на черном море все включено цены в судаке 2021 снять гостиницу в колпино

  84. санатория красноусольск pine river отель калужская область цены
    санаторий мво сухум дорохово санаторий официальный сайт по омс отель турист махачкала
    дворец эмира бухарского железноводск фото гостиница чехов в уссурийске амра это

  85. джемете отдых у моря недорого отель бастион судак официальный сайт цены
    где отдохнуть в крыму недорого путевки в белокуриху цены 2021 предгорье кавказа ул ленина 2 горячий ключ
    гагры зимой отдых гренада санаторий олива парк ялта отель

  86. камелия кафа коктебель официальный сайт санатории казахстана с лечением
    скидки на отели в сочи отелия рутель туры в туапсе из тамбова в октябре
    азимут смоленская москва как отдохнуть в абхазии анапский бриз отзывы

  87. ставрополь санаторий атриум отель санкт петербург
    анабель гостиница в санкт петербурге отель ливадийский ялта отзывы alm house красная поляна
    симферополь гостиницы цены левичева 19 вологда пансионат виктория кисловодск

  88. ооо система телефон санаторий в татарстане цены
    пансионат заполярье сочи отзывы санаторий на море с лечением недорого отель даниловский
    гостиница рубин томск сочи жемчужина фото отдых в башкирии с детьми

  89. отель александр платц пансионаты партенита
    пансионат в звенигороде сочи отели с крытым бассейном круглый год отели южного берега крыма
    гостевой дом березка тихвин лекарства от грыжи русь санаторий

  90. гагрипш проживание в крыму
    сан эльбрус железноводск официальный сайт отдых в области москвы гинекология пятигорск
    санаторий им лермонтова пятигорск адлер ул бестужева 6а отель черное море отель номера на гончарной санкт петербург

  91. ялта в сентябре необычные гостиницы
    олива арт крым apartments vyborg отель перекресток новосибирск официальный сайт
    гостевой дом анюта сочи дома отдыха в дивноморском поездка в минеральные воды

  92. Every weekend i used to pay a visit this website, as i
    wish for enjoyment, for the reason that this this web page conations actually pleasant funny material too.

  93. Does your site have a contact page? I’m having problems locating
    it but, I’d like to shoot you an e-mail. I’ve got some
    ideas for your blog you might be interested in hearing.

    Either way, great site and I look forward to seeing it develop over
    time.

  94. Excellent post. I used to be checking continuously this blog and
    I’m inspired! Extremely useful information specifically the
    last section :) I take care of such info much. I was looking for
    this particular info for a very long time.
    Thanks and good luck.

  95. Hey there! This post couldn’t be written any better!
    Reading through this post reminds me of my good old room mate!
    He always kept chatting about this. I will forward this
    post to him. Pretty sure he will have a good read. Thanks for sharing!

  96. Please let me know if you’re looking for a author for your site.
    You have some really great posts and I think I would be a good asset.
    If you ever want to take some of the load off, I’d love to write some material for
    your blog in exchange for a link back to mine. Please
    send me an email if interested. Cheers!

  97. I got this site from my buddy who informed me regarding this web
    site and now this time I am browsing this website and reading very informative content
    at this place.

  98. We’re a group of volunteers and starting a new scheme in our community.
    Your web site provided us with valuable info to work on. You have done a formidable job and our whole community will be grateful to you.

  99. I used to be recommended this blog via my cousin. I am now
    not positive whether this post is written by means of him as no one else
    recognise such precise approximately my problem. You’re amazing!
    Thanks!

  100. I’m pretty pleased to discover this website.
    I need to to thank you for your time for this particularly
    wonderful read!! I definitely appreciated every part of it and
    i also have you book marked to check out new information on your blog.

  101. Wow, fantastic weblog layout! How lengthy have you ever
    been running a blog for? you made running a blog glance easy.
    The entire glance of your web site is excellent, let
    alone the content!

  102. wonderful issues altogether, you simply won a new reader. What may you suggest in regards to your publish that
    you made a few days in the past? Any positive?

  103. My brother recommended I might like this website. He
    was entirely right. This post actually made my day. You can not imagine
    simply how much time I had spent for this information! Thanks!

  104. Hi there! This blog post could not be written any better!
    Looking through this post reminds me of my previous roommate!
    He continually kept talking about this. I’ll send this article to him.
    Fairly certain he will have a very good read. I appreciate you for sharing!

  105. Great blog you have here but I was wondering if you knew of any message boards
    that cover the same topics discussed here? I’d really like to be a part of group
    where I can get feedback from other experienced people that share the same
    interest. If you have any suggestions, please let me know.
    Thanks!

  106. Superb blog! Do you have any recommendations for aspiring writers?
    I’m planning to start my own blog soon but I’m a little lost on everything.
    Would you advise starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for
    a paid option? There are so many choices out there that I’m totally overwhelmed ..

    Any ideas? Appreciate it!

  107. My programmer is trying to convince me to move to .net from PHP.

    I have always disliked the idea because of the costs.
    But he’s tryiong none the less. I’ve been using Movable-type on various websites for about a year and
    am nervous about switching to another platform. I have heard good things about blogengine.net.
    Is there a way I can import all my wordpress posts into it?
    Any help would be greatly appreciated!

  108. I really like your blog.. very nice colors & theme.
    Did you make this website yourself or did you hire someone to
    do it for you? Plz answer back as I’m looking to create my own blog and
    would like to know where u got this from. thank you

Добавить комментарий

Ваш адрес email не будет опубликован. Обязательные поля помечены *