Со временем фотография стала важной частью нашей жизни. Для кого-то снимок – это отличный способ запечатлеть мгновение жизни, которое хочется сохранить визуально на долгие годы. Многие люди воспринимают фотографию как отдельный вид искусства и метод самовыражения. Однако существует вещь, которая объединяет всех любителей создания кадров – это история создания фотографии.
Для начала нужно узнать значение самого слова «фотография». Произошло оно от древнегреческого «свет» и «пишу», а светопись – это техника рисования светом.
Создание фотографии началось еще в первой половине 19-го века. Человеком, который сделал первый снимок за историю человечества, был Жозеф Нисефор Ньепс в 1826 году. Он сумел удивить своим открытием многих людей. Снимок создавался в течение 8 часов под прямым солнечным светом и был сделан с помощью «камеры обскуры» на оловянной пластине покрытой тонким слоем сирийского асфальта. На фотографии был изображен вид из окна.
В своей дальнейшей работе Жозеф обнаружил, что часть серебряной соли темнеет под воздействием света. Затем изобретатель объединился с французским изобретателем Луи Дагером. Вскоре Ньепс умер, но оставил много заметок и исследований, так что его напарник смог продолжить работу. И уже 7 января 1839 года он представил миру метод под названием дагерротип.
Он предусматривал использование покрытой серебром пластины, подвергающейся воздействию паров йода и после воздействия паров ртути. Ему удалось получить скрытое изображение, которое могло проявиться (только один раз) после погружения в солевой раствор. В это же время Уильям Тальбот, английский физик, изобрел отпечаток фотографии – негатив и при пoмoщи камеры-обскура смог улучшить качество фотографии. В своем докладе он называл художественное фото миром прекрасного. Таким образом Тальбот заложил один из принципов печати фотографии.
ПЕРВЫЙ ФОТОАППАРАТ С ЗЕРКАЛЬНЫМ ОБЪЕКТИВОМ
В 1861 году английский фотограф Сэттон изобрел первый в истории фотоаппарат с единым зеркальным объективом. На штатив закреплялся крупный ящик с крышкoй сверху, через которую не проникал свет, но через нее можно было вести наблюдение. Объектив ловил фокус на стекле, где с помощью зеркал формировалось изображение.
Многие уже слышали такое название компании как «Kodak». В настоящее время камеры их производства практически не встречаются. Джордж Истман основал свою компанию вместе с Генри Стронгом, американский предприниматель, 1881 году. Сначала Джордж самостоятельно разработал машину для нанесения эмульсии на пластины, но они подразумевали работу с крупной техникой. Поэтому стало ясно, что для фотографии нужно что-то простое и доступное.
В 1885 году Джордж Истман изобрел катушечную пленку, которая стала использоваться в фотографиях и стала толчком развитию киносъемки. После того, как основатель зарегистрировал название «Kodak» в 1888 г, в конце этого же года вышла первая камера. Пленка в камере позволяла делать 100 фотографий. Спустя 2 года был выпущен фотоаппарат с пленкой на 48 кадров, который обходился дешевле. Затем в 1900 году Истман представил фотоаппарат Brownie с пленкой на 6 кадров, который стоял всего ОДИН доллар.
ЦВЕТНАЯ ФОТОГРАФИЯ
Первая цветная фотография была сделана в 1861 году физиком Джеймсом Клерком. Создание было кропотливым и нужно было использовать около трех фотоаппаратов. Фотографии быстро выцветали на свету, поэтому приходилось их хранить в темноте, а светочувствительные вещества не могли регистрировать красный и зеленый цвета. Джеймс доказал, что любой цвет можно получить смешением красного, зеленого и синего, применил свое открытие в области фотографии. На первом цветном снимке была лента. Физик отснял ее три раза – с наложением разных одноцветных фильтров. Получившиеся черно-белые позитивы при наложении о пропускании через соответствующие светофильтры давали цветное изображение.
А в начале 20-го века братья Люмьер разработали первую технику записи естественных цветов, которую они назвали автохромом. Метод заключался в покрытии стеклянной пластины трехцветным картофельным крахмалом, на которую нужно нанести светочувствительную эмульсию, используемую в черно-белой фотографии.
Снова возвращаясь к компании «Kodak», которая стала частью истории фотографии, в 1935 году ими была выпущена первая цветная пленка, а вот в 1942 году была создана первая негативная пленка в мире «KODACOLOR».
ПЕЧАТНАЯ ФОТОГРАФИЯ
Переворот в печать фотографий внесли фотокамеры «Polaroid» в 1963 году. Компания была основана Эдвином Лэндом, внуком российских эмигрантов и выпускником Гарварда, в 1937 году. Изначально основным продуктом были не связаны с фотографиями. Во времена Второй Мировой войны они выпускали товары для американской армии, включая инфракрасные приборы ночного видения, прицелы для орудия и вектрографы. Но как же они пришли к печати фотографии?
В 1943 году во время отдыха в Санта-Фе трехлетняя дочь Лэнда задумалась, а почему нельзя посмотреть на фотографию сразу после съемки? Казалось бы, обычный детский вопрос привел к перевороту истории фотографии. Тогда мужчина решил заняться разработкой мгновенной печати. Это заняло у него пять лет. Вся разработка держалась в секрете. Была серьезная проблема – это прочность кассет, ведь она могла треснуть и испортиться от удара, нажатия или перепада температуры, пока добирается до покупателя от конвейера, через склады, грузовики, магазины, сумки и кривые руки. И вот уже в 1948 году в центральный универмаг Бостона поступила первая коммерческая модель «Model 95», которая была способна делать только снимки в серых оттенках и имела ограничение: нужно было ждать 60 секунд до того, как отклеить слой негатива с фотографии.
Очень долгое время Polaroid пользовался большим спросом и занимал ведущие места, пока не наступила эпоха цифровых фотографий. Именно о них мы будем говорить сейчас.
ЦИФРОВАЯ ФОТОГРАФИЯ
В 1975 году уже известная нам компания «Kodak» выпускает первый в мире беспленочный фотоаппарат. Вместе с этим возникали проблемы, например, хранение подобных изображений. И было решено использовать новый процесс, называемый цифровизацией. Помимо этого, возникла еще один вопрос, как это можно сохранять в оперативной памяти, чтобы можно было нормально переносить информацию на магнитную ленту.
ФАКТЫ И ДАТЫ:
- В 1981 году Sony создают видеофотоаппарат «Mavica», которая писала статичные изображения на видеокассеты.
- В скором времени вступает в дело NASA с тягой к знаниям и усовершенствованию технологий.
- В 1974 году с помощью электронного астрономического телескопа была получена первая цифровая фотография звездного неба.
- В 1988 году компания «Fujifilm» выпустила в продажу первый цифровой фотоаппарат Fuji DS1P, где фотографии сохранялись на электронном носителе в цифровом виде.
- В 1991 году Kodak вместе с Nikon делают Kodak DCS100, первую цифровую зеркалку.
И вот уже 2000-е года, когда рынок поглощают такие компании, как Samsung и Sony. Долго популярность не держится, так как появляются соперники в виде мобильных телефонов, которые удобнее в использовании. Спрос на пленочные фотоаппараты упал, и теперь наблюдается тенденция повышения цены аналоговой фотографии, которая переходит в разряд раритета.
Фото: Яндекс. Картинки
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